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Central Asia - a country of ancient civilizations, powerful rivals Ellady and Rome. The once worshipped here-fire and brought white horses sacrificed god of the sun. But legendary kings and heroes disappeared formidable fortress and the rich city turned into ruins merciless time. However, it was surprising nevlastnym over living monument to the glorious past - ahaltekinskim horse. Already in the first millennium up to. E. Glory Central horses far overstepped their frontiers habitat, attracted the attention of the Greek historians and military leaders, on the one hand, and Chinese emperors, on the other. Famous neseyskie "horses", the legendary ancestors Akhalteke, went to the sacrificial procession Persian, Parthian, baktriyskih kings, they sekskie Riders won competitions in the Persian unbeatable warriors. Q cedis ancient Nissy and Merwe, a "celestial" konja Fergany his lineage goes back.
Central Asia in ancient Iranian peoples inhabited: Massagets, sogdiytsy, baktriytsy. The horse was familiar to them from time immemorial, they have created something and ancient culture konevodcheskuyu such a high level that their famous horses from Greece to China. Central Asian horses, as if they were not identified - massagetskimi, parfyanskimi, neseyskimi - have always been considered the best. "Call volumes perfection west horses, and horses Davanya heaven" - is talking about the Chinese Central horses.
Origin tekintsev zateryano in the darkness of centuries, or even millennia. Found in Assyria cuneiform texts tell us about the horses of Mussels and Urartu. Gerodot in V century BC wrote: "There is a vast plain in Mussels named Niseya, which preceded magnificent horses.". He gives a description of the ten horses in the sacred royal dogs, which pioneered the way for the sacred chariot Aharamazda Xerxes in the army. These horses were grown in Nisee between Balhom and Mussels. " They were gracious, had long, thin and flexible neck, big eyes, dry severe head and long legs. Figures Akhalteke, 4-1 dating back to thousands of years BC, discovered a vast territory between the Caucasus and Luristanom paint dry Central Asian horses and slender, with high set neck, light head, foals and durable.
Rome military theorist Vegetsy (V century): "Movement of these hot horses, but easy for the rider and neutomitelny differ great growth ... and especially beautiful neck and head, which keeps this" assembly "that almost relate to breast lips." No less precise description made a historian of ancient Rome Oppian (II century): "Horses Nisei surpass all its beauty. Horses It is worthy of the mighty kings, with a beautiful mind easily acting under rider, it is easy to obey udilam, they bear its highly proud of the head and Fame fly in the air their golden mane ...".
One of the most credible evidence of penetration distant ancestors ahaltekinskoy horses became findings in permafrost Pazyrykskih mounds in the Altai dated VI century BC This Scythian burial leader. In permafrost layer at the foot of a rocky mound almost perfectly preserved mummy battle horses, which are strikingly similar to the exterior and to suit modern ahaltekinskoy horse.
It is also very interesting archaeological finds of the women's burial Altayskoy Princess - War Gerodota (V century BC), made at the end of the twentieth century in Altai in the Ukok tract. The uniqueness of graves that, together with a woman was buried six horses golden-red suit decorated unclear metallic objects. According to Chinese mythology such horses called "qi line" - Celestial capable person to raise the height of clouds. They represented a cross-breed with a griffin and associated with the image of Goddess Mother, led the entire human genus.
Since time immemorial, "heavenly horses" were a small coin in political games. Persian emperor Cyrus married the daughter of Tsar Mussels Astyagesa to access horses Bactria, which he was unable to recover by force. Alexander the Great, married to Roxanne, the daughter Baktrian king, received the most prompt and brave horses of his time. That he obliged them by their many victories. Emperor Wu of China in 103 BC even unleashed the war to get these horses.
In the Middle Ages Parthian heritage and civilization baktriyskoy moved to the Turkomans, who also received a wonderful legacy and horses. Tatar invasion in 20 - 40 - ies VIII century and march Timur drove praturkmenskie tribes to leave their homes and land to move to the shores of the Caspian Sea and Mangyshlakskie steppe. Later, because of the increase in population, the impoverishment of cattle pasture, lack of water and frequent droughts tekintsy have been forced to leave their places inhabited. They returned to the East, and replacing the individual small tribes ermiliniev, alilintsev, karadashliniev fully occupied oasis Ahal, after which they became known as IPSAS-tekintsami, and the horse - Akhalteke.
Political storms epicenters were located in the more attractive to the current conquerors flowering valleys of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. At the same time, the lifestyles of Turkmens, Cubes and mountains of sand, little has changed, so it was preserved in ancient rocks clean and shine to the entire modern history. In frequent raids and wars with the formidable and powerful neighbours flying horses and fighting qualities were very important for the Turkmens. Since ancient times, and almost before our time sluchali mares with extraordinary in both strength and beauty and martial qualities stallions. Origin orally transmitted from father to son. The combination of "best of the best" over many generations has led to massive consolidation inherited trait, as the exterior, and workers. Such strict breeding "in itself" gives a wonderful result - and even now, you can see "relic animated" - a horse with a pronounced emphasis breed traits similar to the images and sculptural fragments found during the excavation of ancient settlements.
For horse Middle and Near East Turkmen horse was crucial. Such rocks known as karabairskaya, lokayskaya, kabardinskaya, as well as many breeds of Iran and Turkey carry Turkmen blood. Turkmen horses from happening, and the Karabakh breed, once the best in the Caucasus, which is not less than the Arab beauty.
Great influence on the Central Asian horses, and the proliferation of nascent Islam with the start of an Arab horse. Prior to this horse has been rare in Arabia, a major hostilities animals were camels. Only through hikes in the captured horses, in large part, Central Asian, Arabs succeeded in establishing a strong cavalry and lay the foundations of their own horse. This is confirmed by the work of Oklahoma (1895), based on an analysis of historical facts. His studies were continued VO Witt, VO Lippingom, MI Belonogovym and other prominent ippologami. It has been proven that ancient civilizations Middle East and North Africa were at the dawn of its existence, "bezloshadnymi" horse came to these countries from the east. Traces of horses assiro-Babylonia and Egypt have led to Central Asia ... Moreover, it turned out that the Arab breed not only the oldest in the world, but also younger than many other eastern breeds, and it preceded the emergence of a victorious return of Arab-Muslims from Central Asia with a rich production, which accounted for a significant portion of the horse. For Arabs horse - it is one of the most valuable spoils of war. "In the morning we bear a fearsome battle shorthair horses, which we have received from mothers, from capturing enemies" (Amr ibn Kulsum, VI century). Much later, after the relocation of part of the Turkmen tribes in Malaya Asia and the Middle East, the Arab horse suffered recurrence "Turkmen" influence. The language appreciating its magnitude, the largest Arab experts horses (Razvan K., E. Shealy, and others) agree that the "type" maanegi emerged in the Arab breed it is under the influence of Turkmen horses. By the way, it tekinskie Karabakh horses and horse created glory of Persia. Under the name of Persian and Turkish Turkmen stallions traveled to Europe, where they have had a significant influence on the formation and the English upper pure, and famous polukrovnyh sporting breeds, such as trakenenskaya, gannoverskaya, Hungarian and others.
But nowhere Turkmen influence of rock was not so large and significant, as in Russia.
"The fact that since the Great Dukes argamakov Russians loved immensely, there can be no two opinions. All sources say so with one voice. Argamakov bought. argamakami Over send expedition. Argamakov resulted in a gift, they" beat person, "all embassies and All caravans, arrived in Moscow. from the royal stables many argamaki planted on the Plant "mares in the wall", and given to the best stallions in Moscow for pairing mares ... " (VO Witt)
The rise of breeding Turkmen argamakov occurred in the reign of kings and Fyodor Mikhailovich Alexei Alexeyevich - the father and brother of Peter the Great. Peter even said later that in the yard brother loved horses unas other things. " But Peter was very indifferent to good horses, and his favorite golden mares Lizett was acquired from the Persian merchants. However, in the first third of the XVIII century war absorbed almost the entire tribal membership courtiers mounted plants.
When it is time to restore the domestic horse, it is primarily, again appealed to argamakam. During the XVIII century and the first half of the XIX century substantive superior breed of horse crown was argamak factories Russia. Especially widely used and highly valued tekinskie Belovodskih horse stallions in factories: Strelecki, Derkulskom, Limarevskom and Novoaleksandrovskom (30 - ies XIX century, almost 40% of these plants breeding herd stood at the horse Turkmen origin).
Very strong influence of Turkmen horses at the Don horse. In 1839 Don used to work in tribal 800 Turkmen horses. Naturally, "did not pass" the Turkmen horses and equestrian past Hrenovskogo plant in Orel trotter breed still has a line staunchly transferring bulanuyu suit. But from the middle of the XIX century Turkmen horses, various reasons be overtaken in the Russian konnozavodstve into the background.
The fate ahaltekintsa in XX century. , has been difficult. On the one hand, after the accession of Russia to Turkmenistan Europeans would like to re-opened this breed, which lost power as the countries of the Middle East gradually forgotten. On the other hand, after the accession of Russia to Turkmenistan, the Turkmen lifestyle has changed: razboynichim raids brought to an end, that has undermined the economic basis porodistogo top horse breeding. Most of the breed of horses has been moved to Iran, Afghanistan and India. And the emergence of the province thoroughbred crown producers against a backdrop of hobbies Turkmens jumps temptation to create "better" crossover breed with them. Besides the already small breeding material rastaskivalsya periodically. Thus, in 1904-1905 he was. British moved into India tekinskih 214 sows, but in 1919-1920. -- 60 best stallions.
But from the outset Russian government in Turkmenistan were people who knew what hit them priceless treasure in the hands. In 1897, thanks to General manager Zakaspiyskoy Kuropatkinu area near Ashgabat was Transcaspian prime sluchnaya stables, which were invited to work konskogo affairs experts from Russia, of which the most famous Gregory Mazan. The work of the stables launched a tribal horse Zakaspiyskogo edge and revived interest in ahaltekinskoy breed in the world. Collected from all the best manufacturers and Turkmenistan were the reason the uterus, which can be traced now Ahalteke thoroughbred horse of the world. Participation pets Zakaspiyskoy horse stables in exhibitions in Kiev, Pyatigorsk and Paris have made the furore, like razorvavsheysya bombs for collection tekinskih mares offered huge money.
The subsequent war: the first world and civilian, have caused great damage to the breed. Therefore, a detailed examination of rock with a record of origin of most Akhaltekin horses produced zootehnikami KN Gorelovym, GS Neelovym and AM Bogushevskim in 1926-1927 he became a critical milestone in the history ahaltekinskoy breed. The data from this study formed the basis for the first book in the tribe's ancient history in the world of rock. The work KI Gorelova became equestrian organization in the same factory for the production of Akhaltekin horses outside Turkmenistan. Serious resumption Akhaltekin horse breeding in Russia began in 1958, first in the northern Caucasus (in Terskom konzavode), Daghestan, Stavropol Territory, and then in Kalmykia, Krasnodar region, the Moscow region, and today they penetrated even in Leningrad and the Kaliningrad region. Today ahaltekinets firmly among the Russian breeds: the number of breeding livestock breeds ahaltekinskoy Russia ranks second in the world.
Prirozhdenny "extreme"
Nice horses truly legendary character. Here is a battle of testimony party Geok-Tepe: "ahaltekinsky colt, claiming persecution by Cossacks three tekintsev, without a two fairly heavy clothes, and wounded sabelnym blow, claimed their riders on the loose sand ..."
All-old history of the existence of this evidence horse permeated its unique marching and fighting qualities. To cite only a few examples of efficiency Akhalteke from the not-so-distant past.
Thus, Vamberi in the middle of the XIX century, wrote: "These beautiful animals facing spent all their works ... really amazing substance, valued sons of the desert expensive wives, children expensive, more expensive than their own lives. Stories about their races and endurance is not exaggerated. "
During hikes in Persia in the XIX century feudal Turkmens each day during the week passed for 120 miles, and for two days to dispense entirely without water. In 1927, in the journal "Red Horse" reviewed "record speed of movement in the mountainous terrain", delivered in 1909 Turkmen Mounted Division, which passed 300 - kilometer path for three days and 6 hours, crossing not once-Kopet Dag and Ala - Dag, descending into the valley, clambering along mountain trails. And the movement was full display, and the Turkmens to normal cargo kavalerista always been pritorocheny two catch-and horse fodder, ie the goods, except saddle and saddle, could reach 100-120 kg.
The commander of the regiment Taman Kuban Cossack Troops Colonel Artsyshevsky in his tenure as Zakaspiyskom in the province in 80 - ies XIX century with astonishment and admiration described Turkomen who accompanied the regiment as intelligence on their ahaltekintsah: "I had to drive 160 miles for a day on horseback variables, while accompanying Riders followed me all the time on their horses, and it's been even posylaemy intelligence for a party. ... ezdoka except saddle on the horse and are always two great catch, and different floral stock (not less than 7.5 poods cargo). "
B. Kolosovsky (1910 y.) leads such details: "The Turkmen horse was galloping continuously for 11 days, making for 120 miles a day, and another time under saddle Turkmen rider made 750 miles for 6 days."
These results are comparable to the record shown in mileage on the speed and endurance. In 1939, Metro Group F, Moiseyev-Tcherkassky passed 1200 kilometers in 10 days, making referrals to 120 km per day. KI Gorelov (1927 y.) stressed: "Akhal-Teke horse has all the qualities top horses: force, flying, endurance, dryness, temperament, light allyury free. Выносливость and speed of its undeniable, as evidenced by a horse smugglers carrying on his back in the armed horsemen poods 4-5, 3-4 pood pack, and download the mountains and anhydrous sand, trying to Persia and back. " "... English ambassador to Persia Malcolm notes that no horse in the world could so quickly be those distances, which runs the Turkmen horse. He argues that night well prepared Turkmen horse in a position to pass 250 kilometres ". (1937)
But some of the results of participation in sports Akhalteke horse run. May 19, 1896 from Moscow launched 100 - verstny mileage, which was attended by 24 horses and polukrovnyh uppermost pure breeds, as well as Akhalteke mares Belni given Zakaspiyskoy from the field in March the same year. After heavy travel, it is very thin, it nonetheless came seventh after 25 minutes after the winner. In 1935, an ambitious route Ashgabat - Moscow length of 4300 km in 84 days for the team broke the Turkmen horsemen at Akhaltekin, and the Anglo-iomudskih tekinskih horses, with purebred tekintsy found clear advantage over krovlenymi. In 1945, Moscow began 500 - kilometer run, which was attended by 11 different breeds of horses. Ahaltekinskim colt won his Tarlan (Tillya-Couch - Murad). In Germany, imported from the USSR Beshtau (Gelishikli - Ball) was the winner in mileage of 50 km and 100 (B. Mozen, 1981). In modern Russia, resumed after a long break mileage, ahaltekinsky Peykam colt has won deadly marathon on the Moscow ring-road at 120 - km (1999)
(By S. Kowalewski articles, YN Kuznetsova, Klimuka AS, E Volkova, Abramov NA).
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